NIST announces the final release of the Best Practices for Privileged User PIV Authentication. The paper is in response to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)’s October 2015 Cybersecurity Strategy and Implementation Plan (and included in the Cyber National Action Plan (CNAP), requiring Federal agencies to use PIV credentials for authenticating privileged users. The paper outlines the risks of password-based single-factor authentication, explains the need for multi-factor PIV-based user authentication and provides best practices for agencies to implement PIV authentication for privileged users.